نشریه کاوش های جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Our goal is to identify the biological suitability in Geno desert area that is the most important protected area in Hormozgan, according to land evaluation by FAO models and ecological and sub structural factors. In this research we use different maps of slopes, dams, temperature, vegetation, soil, water resources and natural attractions (vegetation plants, kinds of wild life and wild life density) and sub structural factors (roads and distances of cities and facilities). Livestock grazing models enter the models of wildlife suitability, and then tourism suitability is determined. We use endemic plant suitability models for vulnerable, low-risk and rare vegetation landscape. The final results of tourism suitability in Geno show that 35.4% of the land has high limitations (S3) and 64.6 % is not suitable (N). There is no area with S1 and S2. Water resources, topography (dam, slope) are the limitation factors and temperature, natural attractions, wild life and native plant diversity are vulnerable and in danger. Proximity to citis and service facilities are the exasperting factors.

Watershed management plans are the starting point for conserving natural resources and sustaining them to better exploit and prevent the loss of national resources, and by quantitatively evaluating them, a clear view of the effectiveness of such measures in watersheds can be obtained.The important point in this regard is the effectiveness and profitability of watershed management projects that require review and evaluation of watershed management operations performed so that based on the results, while determining the efficiency of watershed management operations in the above basin, decide on the implementation of similar projects in other basins Also provide watersheds. More than a decade has passed since the new era of watershed management in the country, which has been accompanied by a fundamental change in its structure and importance.The result of this development is the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative level of programs in different levels and departments of management, executive, study and coordination with other relevant departments in the fields of nature. The view of planners and agents of the watershed management sector of the implementation of a series of limited executive projects, with the aim of controlling sediment upstream of large dams, has now spread throughout the vast country of Iran with goals such as soil and water protection, drought control, flood control., Improving the conditions of green land cover, paying attention to agricultural infrastructure resources, improving the economic conditions of watersheds, etc. have evolved. Due to the social and economic conditions of rural communities, low efficiency of production factors in different parts of the rural economy, inability to use existing facilities and their improper use, are among the most obvious economic variables that reduce efficiency at the level of natural resources.The purpose of this study is to determine and identify the effects of watershed management projects on the socio-economic and environmental system of the villages located in the Kurdish watershed in Jahrom city.

The present quantitative research has been conducted with the aim of determining and identifying the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan on the socio-economic system of villages with watersheds in a survey using a questionnaire.The statistical population of the study includes the number of watershed operators, among the rural households living in the study basins (390 households) in 5 villages located in the Kurdish section, which has been selected as the statistical population.The statistical sample size is estimated as 190 samples according to Krejcie and Morgan table. In this study, 35 items were examined from the perspective of the rural community. After filling in the questionnaires, statistical information was extracted and analyzed using SPSS software and questionnaire coding. In statistical analysis, two methods of descriptive and analytical statistics have been used. In the method of descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentage of frequencies are presented and in the method of inferential statistics, factor analysis test is used.

Regarding the evaluation of the effects of the implementation of the watershed management plan, according to the results of reviewing resources and field studies, a list of effective indicators on the implementation of this plan related to rural areas was extracted. In this study, the research variables are reduced to a smaller number of variables called factors. This method of factor analysis is called principal component analysis and its purpose is to solve the problem of internal dependence of a set of variables and summarize them in several components or factors. In this factor analysis, 7 factors have a specific value greater than 1. It should be noted that all the above factors explain 51.74% of the total variance of the variables and the remaining percentage of the remaining variance is related to other factors that could not be predicted. Meanwhile, out of 35 variables, 26 variables were involved in explaining the factors and the remaining 9 variables were removed from the analysis due to the fact that their factor load was less than 0.5. According to the factor analysis, the 26 variables under study can be named as seven factors. In the present study, due to the high share of each of the variables loaded in each of the seven factors rotated, the factors that have the ability to explain the variances have been named, and indicates that the factor analysis and variables are satisfactory. These factors are: local participation, development of agricultural production resources, reducing the impact of natural hazards, increasing agricultural production, employment development, reducing rural-urban migration and increasing the price of agricultural land, among which the participation of local communities with 17.74% It has been the most influential compared to other factors in the implementation of this plan.

The results of this study are derived using factor analysis of various factors, based on which these factors are placed in 7 groups with variables. In general, variables, communication with experts and promoters, the share of people's representatives in basin management, public participation, increasing the level of gardens, reducing flood damage to rural roads, reducing erosion and sediment, solving problems related to water shortage in the region and land prices Horticulture and agriculture have been the most important variables affecting the implementation of this plan.Examining similar examples of the effects of watershed management projects on rural development over the past few years shows different results, but the prevailing situation indicates changes in socio-economic and environmental dimensions in rural areas. In other words, studies such as(Ghanbari and Qudussi, 2008 - Mosaei et al, 2010 and Rezaei et al., 2012, etc.)show a trend of effective changes in all dimensions and in some studies to the social dimension (participation). has it. Of course, it should not be overlooked that these changes are not the same in all cases and have fluctuated relative to each other. Including a series of variables(reduction of natural hazards, development of production resources and increasing the price of agricultural land) that have been added in this study and as can be seen in the table of research findings, these variables have been effective in implementing the watershed management plan.

The accelerating trend of urban development that has dominated the cities of the country in recent years and the adverse consequences of such development have already raised. the need to change the prevailing views on urban planning and attention to the application of smart urban growth in urban development plans and programs. The establishment of a smart city is an indisputable necessity to get out of the urban planning crisis and solve many problems in cities. The aim of this study was to make decisions in a smart city based on the knowledge obtained through spatial data mining in Yazd City using a descriptive-analytical method and the ANP model.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. Some theoretical data were collected through library studies, reports, and dissertations related to the research topic. Then, based on the studies, appropriate indicators along with their measurement method were determined. In the next step, the required data were collected, edited and prepared. Compactness, access to public transportation and environmental factors were selected as indicators. For the physical spatial analysis of the urban areas, the ANP model was selected from the models and indicators proposed during the research process. Then, the indicators were formed in the Super Decision software as clusters and components within these clusters. Finally, the selected indicators in the five districts of Yazd were examined and prioritized from the perspective of smart growth. Since this method is used in addressing the elite community, 1 to 4 experts were considered to be sufficient to implement this method. However, to reduce the bias of the results and increase the reliability of the data, 15 experts in the field were selected. In the next step, a questionnaire was designed for the pairwise comparisons of the criteria and the sub-criteria and filled by the target community. In order to integrate the collected data, their geometric mean was calculated and then examined from the perspective of individual judgments and elite community. Finally, the results of network analysis and digital GIS layers were combined and the urban spaces of Yazd were analyzed and evaluated based on intelligent growth indicators.

According to the pairwise comparison, the weight of the population density sub-indices was 0.66, which was higher than that of the other sub-indices. Also, the weight of the sewage route sub-index was 0.001, which was less than that of the other sub-indices. Among the access, compaction and environmental indices, the access index with a weight of 0.45 had the highest value, and the valuable environmental index with a value of 0.23 had the lowest value. The weights of the sub-indices and indices were applied in layers. Highly talented selected areas are located in the northwest, center, southeast and southwest of the study area. They include the southern part of region 1, the western part of the historical region, the eastern part of region 3 and the western part of region 4. According to the obtained weights, the historical region with a weight of 0.35 has the highest potential in terms of the intelligence indicator; Regions 3, 4, 1 and 2 had the weight of 0.19, 0.18, 0.13, 0.12. The historical area, which is also the center of the city, has a dense texture. The establishment of such places as administrative, commercial and medical has caused citizens from other areas to come to this area. The other areas of Yazd have no justice in the distribution of land use.

of results The accelerated trend of urban development that has dominated the cities of the country in recent years and the adverse consequences of such development have made it inevitable to change the prevailing views on urban planning and to pay attention to the application of smart urban growth in urban development plans and programs. In this regard, it is necessary that the concept of smart growth be introduced in principle in all the dimensions and areas of the city life and be used as a basis for organizing the performance and communication among them. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable urban development in Yazd, the smart growth should be considered as the main strategy. This not only preserves the environment but also prevents the uncontrolled expansion of the city and reduces the volume of travel in the regions. To achieve such sustainability, it is necessary to do planning based on the knowledge of the current situation in the whole city. The purpose of this study was the spatial analysis of the urban smart growth indicators in Yazd through a descriptive-analytical method. The study area consisted of five regions in Yazd that were evaluated in terms of compliance with urban smart growth indicators. The results of the study indicate that the physical growth and development of Yazd City has gone through ups and downs over the years, so that its urban area has exceeded 100 square kilometers. This development has occurred unevenly, in an uncoordinated and scattered form and without considering the spatial distribution of urban land use.

Education has a very important role in providing human resources, and the progress and development of a society owes to educated human resources that grow and excel in educational spaces. So, the educational space has an effective role in supporting the training of human resources and serves as a key pillar. It alsoplays a fundamental role in educating the community. Numerous factors are effective in increasing the quality of education. The more these factors work together and move in the same direction, the higher the quality of education and the higher the productivity. In the meantime, because the educational space plays an important role in the educational system and is very important in the educational development of a country, and the weight of other factors or, in some cases, higher than some factors plays a role in the educational structure, huge funds are spent for construction every year. Education spaces are costly in the country, but the costs are not optimal because the real needs for educational spaces have not been identified and construction is not done in place. These conditions exist not only in Kerman Province but also in most of the provinces of the country, and they impose irreparable damage on the country's budget. Targeting constructions in education and training, reducing costs, identifying needs, fair distribution of educational spaces in District 2 of Kerman City, predicting the need for educational space in the future, considering the characteristics and behaviors of population and migration in Kerman city, preventing the ineffectiveness of construction costs due to the limited use of educational spaces and recognizing the needs of schools all enhance the education level in the area. The importance of this plan is that it tries to identify the real needs for the construction of educational spaces and to avoid wasting resources and development credits.

The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. To conduct the research, documentary and library information were needed, so the data were collected from the schools in District 2 of Kerman and then analyzed. The output was presented in the form of a map, chart and table. In the data analysis, after the research data were prepared and recorded on the map of Kerman City, according to the location criteria and the radius of access to the schools for different sections, the spatial distribution of the schools was studied. The output maps showed that the distribution was unbalanced.

There are 186 schools, including 89 elementary schools (first and second elementary, girls’ and boys’ and mixed schools) in District 2 of Kerman. There are also 97 secondary schools (first and second secondary and technical and vocational schools, girls', boys' and mixed). There are 186 schools in District 2. Of these schools, 68 are primary and 75 are secondary schools in Kerman. The areas outside the city of Kerman include the cities of Ekhtiarabad, Zangiabad, Baghin and the villages of Farahabad, Shahrokhabad, Kahnooj Madim, Badamouieh, Hojjatabad, Cheshmeh Gaz and Saadi. Most of the schools are located in the central area of Kerman and in newly built urban areas (Farhangian crossroad to the west of the airport). The number of schools is very low. The average per capita educational space in District 2 of Kerman is 2.83 square meters. The net per capita is 2.5 square meters, and the gross per capita is 3.17 square meters. The average net per capita of the primary schools is 1.90 square meters, which is calculated to be 1.74 square meters for boys' primary schools and 2 square meters for girls' primary schools. The average net per capita of the secondary schools is 3.15 square meters, of which boys' secondary schools are 2.48 square meters and girls' secondary schools are 3.42 square meters. The average gross per capita of the secondary schools is 4 square meters.

The situation of educational space in the schools of District 2 of Kerman was investigated in this study. According to the research process and the research data, including the existing data and the field information collected from schools in the city of Kerman and the output of the GIS Arc software, the following results were obtained: - The existing educational spaces meet the needs of the school population and will not be a serious problem in the physical space due to the decrease in the population growth at the national and local levels, which will continue in the coming years. - The problem of the physical space of schools is not due to the space dimensions but due to the unequal distribution of educational spaces in the city, which has created an unbalanced distribution. - Lack of facilities and equipment is another problem of the schools so that many schools use old and worn equipment and facilities that reduce the efficiency of the education system. Burnout is part of the educational space, as another problem of education, so that 15 schools belong to the years before 1961, 33 schools were built between in the 1961-1981 and their age is between 38 to 58 years, and 63 schools were built after 1981; they are less than 38 years old. Therefore, there is a high relative physical burnout in the schools of Kerman. - The wear and tear of laboratory equipment and workshops has a negative impact on school education. The concentration of schools in the central part of Kerman as well as the middle part of the city and the small number of schools in the newly built part of the city have created an unequal and unbalanced distribution in terms of educational space in Kerman.

Learning and the learning process (interactions between the learner and the social environment) is one of the topics for the development and excellence of today's urban communities.Globalization and economics, the growth of information technology, the transformation of the business world, the influence of customer orientation, the introduction of knowledge and learning as major assets, changing roles and expectations of employees, diversification and mobility of the workforce, rapid change and turmoil are some of the factors that create learning cities. Tensions and skills are constantly changing and growing, and this requires a continuous, quality and universal transfer of knowledge. Explaining the location of each of the main elements of the formation of the learning city in the Yazd city is an issue that can be carefully studied. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of Yazd city areas in terms of knowledge, social-legal and economic indicators, learning city and prioritize it and tries to study these indicators of learning city in Yazd city areas to create a learning city and strengthen the learning system. Lifelong for citizens to promote sustainable knowledge given the existing capacities that help to improve the urban environment (landscapes).

In this research, the library method, survey documents have been used to collect information. The present research is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In this research, cluster sampling method has been used. The process of extracting the indicators has been done by fission analysis method. Due to the specialization of the subject, the statistical community includes groups of experts and experts working in organizations related to the concept of the learning city of Yazd (including municipalities, schools, universities, companies, mobilization areas, organizations and libraries). The sample size is estimated based on Cochran sampling method of 320 people and was distributed in the form of a two-dimensional questionnaire in 8 areas of Yazd (according to the population of each district and in proportion to its population) and was cited in the analysis. The validity of the questionnaire was modified and confirmed using the opinions of professors and experts in this field (geography, urban planning, economics, social sciences, urban law and urban management). Cronbach's alpha coefficient to determine the level of reliability of the questionnaire is 0/79%. In order to analyze the collected indices, SPSS software was used and the statistical methods of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test, spearman and Friedman correlation were used. Finally, it can be acknowledged that due to cluster sampling and time and place variables that are variable, the present research effort is. Discussion and

In this study, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test, Spearman and Friedman correlation were used. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data distribution was normal. Also, the results of one-sample t-test show that the mean of the indicators in the areas of Yazd is less than the compared value (3) and the value of T is negative. This means that the status of the studied indicators is unfavorable for experts in the areas of Yazd. In Spearman correlation, the relationship between education variable and knowledge and economic index is significant and positive, and the relationship between education variable and social-legal index is significant and negative. In Friedman test, area 7 has the highest average in the knowledge and economic index and area 6 has the lowest average in the knowledge and social-legal index. Area 2 also has the highest average in the social-legal index and area 5 has the lowest average in the economic index.

The results of the rankings show that the eight districts of Yazd city each obtained different rankings in knowledge, social-legal and economic indicators. This indicates inequality and significant differences in indicators in some areas. In areas 2 and 7, due to the good quality of life and diverse social context, which has a certain mobility and dynamism in terms of the existence of young people and students and is also part of the new nuclei of the city, is in the first and highest importance and in areas 5 and 6 due to the low standard of living and the lack of a proper culture with urbanization, which lowers the level of perception of people and is also one of the primary and old nuclei of the city, is in the eighth rank and the least important. Therefore, each urban area has its own characteristics according to its type of operation. This prioritization shows the fact that in the programs that are done to raise the indicators of the learning city in Yazd city, the priority is with areas 5 and 6 because these areas have a lower status and the necessary measures should be taken in these areas.

Tourism has undergone fundamental and extensive changes in the last three decades and in the post-revolutionary environment of information and communication technologies, trade liberalization and globalization. This situation, especially in the last decade, has attracted the attention of destination managers and policymakers to the opportunities created by these vast changes in the tourist destinations, so that they can take an innovative and smart approach to create and gain a competitive advantage in tourism and increase the competitiveness of destinations. A review of research background shows that no similar research has been done on the effect of the smartness on the competitiveness of Yazd. Therefore, the city of Yazd has been selected as the subject of this study to investigate how the impact of the smartness on the competitiveness of this urban tourism destination, considering the current situation of this destination in the field of smartness and competitiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smartness on the competitiveness of the tourist destination of Yazd.

This research in terms of its’ goal is developmental; in terms of the nature and method of research is descriptive-analytical; in terms of time horizon, it is cross-sectional; and in terms of data collection and analysis can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, using the methods of collecting and analyzing archival data, components and indicators of smartness and competitiveness of urban tourism destinations and the basic conceptual model of the research that shows the relationships between variables and their components are designated. In the second stage, after validating the components and indicators or items for measuring smartness and competitiveness, an online questionnaire has been designed to collect data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique, which is one of the multivariate modeling methods, has been used to analyze the data.

In the first phase, with the method of analyzing archival data, the previous researches were collected and combined, the components and indicators of smartness and competitiveness of tourist destinations measurement were determined, and the findings were validated using the opinion of tourism experts. Based on the results of validating the findings and determining the validity of the content, out of 106 initial indicators, 99 assessment indicators including 57 smartness indicators and 42 competitiveness indicators of urban tourism destinations were approved and selected. In addition, based on the opinion and suggestion of tourism experts, the necessary corrections were made in the field of rewriting or simplifying some of the approved indicators. In the second phase, using the structural equation modeling method with partial least squares approach, Smart PLS software and a questionnaire tool, the effect of smartness on the competitiveness of Yazd tourist destination was measured based on the opinion of experts. The PLS method for evaluating the measurement models of structural equation models covers three parts: 1. Section related to measurement models, 2. Structural part, and 3. General part of the model. Considering the results of reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity, the measurement model has a good fit. The results of second section of the implementation of PLS method show that the amount of variability of the endogenous structural indexes of the structural model (competitiveness) of the exogenous structure of the model (smartness) is appropriate. GOF fit goodness criterion has been used to evaluate the overall model fit. According to the results, the value of the goodness-of-fit index is 0.740 (more than 0.36), so the overall model has a strong fit.

No similar research has been done on the effect of the smartness on the competitiveness of Yazd. However, in some researches related to the development of tourism in this destination, the status of some indicators of smartness and competitiveness has been mentioned. However, more direct and indirect research has been done on the competitiveness of Yazd tourist destinations. In general, a review of the results of previous research shows that the smartness and the competitiveness of this destination is not appropriate. Therefore, it can be claimed that the unsatisfactory state of the smartness of the tourist destination of Yazd in the main components and indicators has a negative impact on its competitiveness and has reduced its competitiveness compared to the competitors. The results showed that the conceptual model of the research has an acceptable fit and the smartness affects the competitiveness of Yazd tourist destination. The confirmation of the effect of smartness on competitiveness and determining the components of this effect in a comprehensive and systematic framework is the distinguishing point of the present study compared to previous studies that have examined each aspect of smartness and competitiveness.

Due to the fact that our country is located on the Alps-Himalayan earthquake belt and there are many faults, the occurrence of this earthquake on this plateau is a natural thing to take into account the fact that 66% of our land area is located in earthquake zones and 90% of the country's population. We live in these areas to identify high risk seismic sites to reduce earthquake damage. In this study, earthquake hazard in south Khorasan province is estimated and zoned based on probabilistic method. In order to implement this method, 7 potential seismic springs in the area were first identified based on the frequency of earthquakes and fault types and defined in Arc GIS software and defined as single layer. Earthquake data uniformly used earthquakes consisting of 5 historical earthquakes and 486 earthquakes from 1900 to 2015. The earthquake data were entered into ZMAP software and the aftershocks and aftershocks as well as earthquakes witcalculated by the Gutenberg-Richter relation of values a and b. Then, using the KIJKO 2001 software, the values of β, λ and expected maximum value (Mmax) were calculated and in the final step the acceleration of the springs activity using EZ-FRISK 7.52 software for the period Returns of 50, 100, 475, 1000, and 2475 years were estimated. According to the results, the eastern and western parts of South Khorasan province are more seismic than other parts. Mapping maps and faults of the region are defined as different layers in GIS environment.

Ecotourism is a relatively new phenomenon in the tourism industry, which is only a part of the whole industry and has led many countries around the world to invest heavily in this sector. Walking in deserts and visiting desert attractions, vegetation, animal life, morphological forms, doing sports activities, has created a special type of tourism that is called "desert tourism". Economically, giving monetary value to the environment and natural resources, despite all its shortcomings, is needed for better decision-making and planning to use these resources and generate revenue. Economic valuation means determining the quantitative values of goods and services that these goods and services may have market prices or non-market prices. Since most environmental goods are non-market goods and are considered public goods, their economic valuation is not simply the pricing of private goods. In the environmental economics literature, there are different methods for valuing such goods, and the conditional valuation method is one of them. This method was first used by Grace in 1974 to measure the benefits of reducing soil erosion, which is then used to value environmental amenities and wealth and other goods for which there is no market to trade. This method uses interviews or questionnaire forms to extract people's willingness to pay for changes in the supply of quality goods or services. Meanwhile, the economic valuation of ecotourism is an effective tool for more accurate planning for the development and proper use of ecotourism projects. Determining the economic value of the project along with environmental valuation is one of the advantages of this tool. Yazd province is located in the center of Iran, on the edge of Lut plain, and desert is one of the dominant landscapes in the region. In general, about half of the province is covered by deserts, hills and sandy areas and saline lands. The deserts of Iran in Yazd province are one of the most beautiful ecotourism landscapes in the world; As sand dunes are one of the processes of desert areas that have spread around the city of Yazd with an area of about 30,000 hectares. Therefore, valuing this natural resource is important for economic development and growth as well as environmental protection. The present study is done with using 6 indicators and models to determine the economic value with the approach of sustainable development of Yazd desert. Also, using the conditional logit model, have been calculated the factors affecting acceptance and non-acceptance in different amounts. This research is of applied type and in terms of research method, it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study was tourists in the desert areas of the world city of Yazd, which was randomly surveyed out of 100 people in the form of a questionnaire. In this research, two methods have been used to measure the value of the desert. The first method is contingent valuation (CVM) using the generalized least squares (GLS) model and cross-sectional data. Annual to prevent desert destruction, willingness to pay once to prevent desert destruction, average willingness to pay to prevent desert destruction through the establishment of industries annually or once and willingness to pay for sustainable desert development is estimated. According to this approach and in order to estimate the value of Yazd deserts, the expressed preferences such as travel expenses and the stated preference such as conditional valuation method are used and while estimating its value, the variables affecting the value of this public good are estimated. Conditional valuation method is one of the most widely used methods in environmental valuation studies, which, because it is based more on real data than hypothetical, can provide real values about the cost of better regional travel. In fact, the reason for using this model is to assess whether the desirability of natural resources such as the Yazd desert is such that the tourist is willing to pay an entry fee and even taxes to use and protect this tourism resource for its sustainability or not? Using the results of questionnaires and using the conditional valuation method and generalized minimum squares, the value of Yazd desert was calculated and the factors affecting it were calculated in the form of 6 models and the results show that the willingness to pay Achieved 270,000 Tomans and annually to prevent the destruction of Yazd deserts is 20,000 Tomans, which seems to be less than half a percent of per capita income in Iran. Also, significant effects on patterns of willingness to pay, variables of distance, value of travel and the number of travel days seen, so that even the distance of residence and the number of family members had a significant effect on willingness to pay. The outputs of the conditional logit model show that the variables of having goals other than travel, travel enjoyment, gender and finally education level are the factors that have influenced the approval or rejection of the request for payment of the set limit (50,000 Tomans).

The identity of life in cities and its physical elements such as housing are of paramount importance. Housing is the smallest form of physical embodiment of human-environment interactions and spatial crystallization is a vital function of human habitation. Housing is considered to be a physical place and a primary shelter for family members.This shelter fulfills some of the basic needs of individuals or the household, such as sleeping, resting, protection from inclement weather, etc. . . . A proper housing or shelter is not limited to the physical structure of a house. Developing and proliferating Iranian-Islamic housing demand choosing a city or an urban district as a model, so that other districts be persuaded to follow. In this research, a district was chosen as a model from thirteen districts of Mashhad City. This was done based on the closeness of the elements of the district to the specified elements. Other districts, then, were compared with the model. Eliciting Iranian-Islamic housing elements, eleven indices were determined: identity, modulation, purposefulness, avoidance of arrogance, maintenance of hierarchy, having a central courtyard, introversion, security, modesty, density, and area. Using a Likert scale and Expert Choice software, weighting and evaluating were done. Afterwards, the numerical data were entered into GIS and analyzed. The results showed that various districts of Mashhad City, which is known as the spiritual capital of Iran, have not been formed in accordance with the Iranian-Islamic housing elements. The results also indicated that only municipality district number 8 has half of the research elements and the highest degree of conformity with the research indices. Having the highest value of 2.44 among all districts, this district was acceptable in terms of having Iranian-Islamic housing elements.

Today, sustainability and instability is one of the rural challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht County.The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of the villages of Zarrin Dasht county, which according to the general census of 2016 was 7927 households. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size. In this study, 310 heads of households were selected as a sample. The method of selecting the sample villages was regular classification and the method of completing the questionnaires was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been used to determine the reliability of the research. The calculated alpha value is 77.5 which indicates that it is a desirable number and the accuracy required to determine the reliability of the structures used in the questionnaire and the items designed to measure the indicators are internally correlated. Exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 7 factors of economic, social, managerial, infrastructure, health and environmental hazards are the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht, respectively. Also, the results showed that weakness in the mentioned factors, especially economic and social factors, is directly related to the instability of rural settlements.Today, sustainability and instability is one of the rural challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht County.The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of the villages of Zarrin Dasht county, which according to the general census of 2016 was 7927 households. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size. In this study, 310 heads of households were selected as a sample. The method of selecting the sample villages was regular classification and the method of completing the questionnaires was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been used to determine the reliability of the research. The calculated alpha value is 77.5 which indicates that it is a desirable number and the accuracy required to determine the reliability of the structures used in the questionnaire and the items designed to measure the indicators are internally correlated. Exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 7 factors of economic, social, managerial, infrastructure, health and environmental hazards are the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht, respectively. Also, the results showed that weakness in the mentioned factors, especially economic and social factors, is directly related to the instability of rural settlements.Today, sustainability and instability is one of the rural challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht County.The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of the villages of Zarrin Dasht county, which according to the general census of 2016 was 7927 households. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size. In this study, 310 heads of households were selected as a sample. The method of selecting the sample villages was regular classification and the method of completing the questionnaires was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been used to determine the reliability of the research. The calculated alpha value is 77.5 which indicates that it is a desirable number and the accuracy required to determine the reliability of the structures used in the questionnaire and the items designed to measure the indicators are internally correlated. Exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 7 factors of economic, social, managerial, infrastructure, health and environmental hazards are the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht, respectively. Also, the results showed that weakness in the mentioned factors, especially economic and social factors, is directly related to the instability of rural settlements.Today, sustainability and instability is one of the rural challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht County.The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method of work. The statistical population of the study consists of the villages of Zarrin Dasht county, which according to the general census of 2016 was 7927 households. Cochran's formula was used to select the sample size. In this study, 310 heads of households were selected as a sample. The method of selecting the sample villages was regular classification and the method of completing the questionnaires was simple random. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by experts and university professors and Cronbach's alpha coefficient has been used to determine the reliability of the research. The calculated alpha value is 77.5 which indicates that it is a desirable number and the accuracy required to determine the reliability of the structures used in the questionnaire and the items designed to measure the indicators are internally correlated. Exploratory factor analysis test was used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that 7 factors of economic, social, managerial, infrastructure, health and environmental hazards are the most important factors of sustainability and instability in the villages of Zarrin Dasht, respectively. Also, the results showed that weakness in the mentioned factors, especially economic and social factors, is directly related to the instability of rural settlements.

In recent years, ecotourism as one of the types of tourism has been able to play a significant role in the development of rural communities. Accordingly, this study was written with the aim of explaining the role of ecotourism in the development of Afin village. In this regard, the impact of ecotourism on the economic, social, and physical dimensions of the village was investigated. The overall research approach is a type of quantitative research, and in terms of data collection method, is based on library and field data. In order to distribute the questionnaire, a sample of 252 people was examined. A simple random sampling method has used to distributing the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics indices such as frequency distribution and inferential statistical tests such as single sample T-test, Chi-square and Friedman. In general, the results indicate that Ecotourism has led to the economic, social, and physical development of Afin village. In this regard, the development of ecotourism in the village of Afin, improves transportation, prosperity and revival of handicrafts, creating investment opportunities, creating employment, increasing income, selling agricultural products, increasing knowledge and information of people, familiarity with different ethnic groups, motivation to work Partnership, cooperation to solve tourism problems, return of migrants to the village, attention to beautification of houses, use of traditional symbols in the village, improvement of waste and sewage disposal system, cleanliness of the environment, greater protection of the village environment, attention to the preservation of historical buildings.